Catalogus trilobitorum cum figuris (Trilobites carbonici et permici, X: Chlupaculinae, Diacoryphinae et Menorcaspidinae)
Im vorliegenden Band des Katalogs der Karbon- und Perm-Trilobiten werden drei neue Unterfamilien behandelt, die Chlupaculinae, Diacoryphinae und Menorcaspidinae. Fast alle zumeist des Tiefwasser-Bereiches (Kulm-Fazies) zugehörigen 23 Gattungen wurden erst in den beiden zurückliegenden Jahrzehnten entdeckt. Im „Treatise“ (1979) ist erst eine von ihnen vorhanden, Diacoryphe. Alle drei Unterfamilien stimmen überein in ihrer stratigrafischen Beschränkung auf das Unter- Mississippium (Unter-Karbon). Ihr geografischer Schwerpunkt liegt in Europa, doch kommen einige Arten auch in Asien und Afrika vor. Sie stimmen ferner – entsprechend ihres Lebensraumes – überein in der Tendenz zur Erblindung. Zylindrisch aufgeblähte Wangen-Stacheln treten in allen drei Unterfamilien auf, nie aber bei allen zugehörigen Gattungen. Die Unterschiede zwischen den drei Unterfamilien werden bei der Darstellung der jeweiligen Unterfamilie erläutert.
Catalogus trilobitorum cum figuris (Trilobites devonici, carbonici et permici, IX. Cystispininae, Globusiinae, Proetinae)
Dieser neunte Teil des Katalogs der Karbon- und Perm-Trilobiten (Teil 1-8 siehe unter Tab. 1; Autoren aller Bände HAHN & HAHN) umfasst drei systematisch kleinere Einheiten: die Cystispininae, Globusiinae und den Pudoproetus-Zweig der Proetinae. Von diesen drei Gruppen sind zwei auf das Unter-Karbon beschränkt (Cystispininae, Globusiinae) während die dritte (Pudoproetus-Zweig) bereits ab dem Ober-Devon vorhanden ist (siehe dazu den Abschnitt „Beziehungen und Phylogenie“ bei jeder der drei Gruppen). Von den hier behandelten 18 Gattungen ist nur eine, Cystispina, bereits im „Treatise“ (1959) vertreten. Alle übrigen Gattungen wurden in den letzten Dezennien, einige sogar erst vor wenigen Jahre beschrieben. Sie werden hier zum ersten Mal im modernen systematischen Zusammenhang dargestellt.
Lower Cretaceous Ammonites XI - Acanthoceratoidea: Leymeriellidae, Brancoceratidae, Lyelliceratidae, Flickiidae, Forbesiceratidae, including the Upper Cretaceous representatives
The classification in this Fossilium Catalogus largely follows that of WRIGHT et al., 1996, but some ideas of COOPER, 2017 are taken into account. The reference lists that belong to the species are mainly references of specimens that are depicted. But also included are references that can be important for palaeobiogeographical research. They are compiled from literature. The lists are, of course, subjective and open to improvement. Several species are attributed provisionally to genera, and that with question marks, because further research is needed to clarify the taxonomical status of these species.
I have designated 1 lectotype. In 24 cases ‘lectotype requested’ is indicated. Colleagues are kindly asked to communicate genera and species lacking, errors, mistakes and erroneous data in this part. Other suggestions for improvement of the text are also highly welcome. These supplementary data will be published in a coming volume of Lower Cretaceous Ammonites with references to the contributors.
Lower Cretaceous Ammonites X - Scaphitoidea including the Upper Cretaceous representatives
The classification in this Fossilium Catalogus largely follows that of COOPER, 1994 and WRIGHT et al., 1996. The reference lists that belong to the species are mainly references of specimens that are depicted. But also included are references that can be important for palaeobiogeographical research. They are compiled from literature. The lists are, of course, subjective and open to improvement. Several species are attributed provisionally to genera, and that with question marks, because further research is needed to clarify the taxonomical status of these species.
In 20 cases ‘lectotype requested’ and in 1 case ‘neotype requested’ is indicated. Colleagues are kindly asked to communicate genera and species lacking, errors, mistakes and erroneous data in this part. Other suggestions for improvement of the text are also highly welcome. These supplementary data will be published in a coming volume of Lower Cretaceous Ammonites with references to the contributors.
Catalogus trilobitorum cum figuris (Trilobites carbonici et permici, VIII. Phillipsiinae et Griffithidinae)
Dieser bereits achte Teil des Katalogs der Karbon- und Perm-Trilobiten behandelt die Unterfamilien Phillipsiinae PHILLIPPS 1836 und Griffithidinae HUPÉ 1953.
Die Phillipsiinae umfassen 7 Gattungen, 2 Untergattungen 55 Arten und 10 Unterarten. Von diesen sind im „Treatise“ die folgenden 5 Gattungen noch nicht enthalten: Acanthophillipsia, Ameropiltonia, Breviphillipsia, Elliptophillipsia und Piltonia. Im „Fossilium Catalogus“ (HAHN & HAHN 1972) noch nicht vorhanden sind 2 Gattungen – Acanthophillipsia und Ameropiltonia – sowie 13 Arten. Der gesamte Bestand an Taxa wird hier erstmals zusammengestellt.
Die Griffithidinae umfassen 6 Gattungen, 36 Arten und 6 Unterarten. Davon sind 2 Gattungen – Hesslerides und Kulmogriffithides – im „Treatise“ noch nicht enthalten. Im „Fossilium Catalogus“ (HAHN & HAHN 1972) fehlen noch 10 der heute bekannten Arten. Auch diese Unterfamilie wird hier erstmals vollständig dargestellt.
Lower Cretaceous Ammonites IX: Turrilitoidea 2 - Baculitidae, including the Upper Cretaceous representatives
This Fossilium Catalogus largely follows the excellent and very complete works about the family Baculitidae of KLINGER & KENNEDY (1993, 1997 and 2001).
All quoted literature in this part has been consulted by me, with one exception. The reference lists that belong to a species are mainly references of specimens that are depicted. But also included are references that can be important for palaeobiogeographical research. They are compiled from literature. The lists are, of course, subjective and open to improvement. Several species are attributed provisionally to genera, and that with question marks, because further research is needed to clarify the taxonomical status of these species. In 14 cases ‘lectotype requested’ is indicated, and in 3 cases ‘neotype requested’.
Colleagues are kindly asked to communicate genera and species lacking, errors, mistakes and erroneous data in this part. Other suggestions for improvement of the text are also highly welcome. These supplementary data will be published in a coming volume of Lower Cretaceous Ammonites with references to the contributors.
Lower Cretaceous Ammonites VIII - Turrilitoidea 1; Anisoceratidae, Hamitidae, Turrilitidae, including the Upper Cretaceous representatives
The classification in this Fossilium Catalogus largely follows that of WRIGHT et al., 1996, but some ideas of COOPER, 1999, MONKS, 1999 and MONKS, 2002. are taken into account.
The reference lists that belong to the species are mainly references of specimens that are depicted. But also included are references that can be important for palaeobiogeographical research. They are compiled from literature. The lists are, of course, subjective and open to improvement. Several species are attributed provisionally to genera, and that with question marks, because further research is needed to clarify the taxonomical status of these species. I have designated 3 lectotypes. In 45 cases ‘lectotype requested’ is indicated.
Catalogus trilobitorum cum figuris (Trilobites carbonici et permici, VII. Bollandiinae)
VORWORT
Dieser siebente Teil des Katalogs der Karbon-und Perm-Trilobiten beinhaltet die Unterfamilie der Bollandiinae. Sie sind eine auf das Karbon und Perm beschränkte Unterfamilie. Diese umfasst 6 Gattungen, 51 Arten und 7 Unterarten. Die Bollandiinae sind im „Treatise“ (1959) noch nicht enthalten. Auch fehlen dort noch 3 der 6 zugehörigen Gattungen [Carbonoproetus, Kathwaia und Reediella]. Im „Fossilium Catalogus“ (HAHN & HAHN 1970b) sind von den zugehörigen Gattungen 6 vorhanden (nur Carbonoproetus ist noch nicht enthalten); von 51 der zugehörigen Arten aber fehlen noch einige. Der Gesamt-Bestand an Taxa der behandelten Unterfamilie wird somit hier erstmals zusammenfassend dargestellt.
Lower Cretaceous Ammonites VII - Hoplitoidea & Engonoceratoidea by Jaap Klein
The classification in this Fossilium Catalogus partially follows that of WRIGHT et al., 1996, but for the Hoplitoidea I follow many of the ideas and proposals of COOPER & OWEN, 2011a (Placenticeratidae), 2011b (Hoplitidae), 2011c (Schloenbachiidae) and 2012 (Sonneratiidae). The subfamily Placenticeratinae, including Karamaites, Kopetdagites and Placenticeras is not treated as such, because this subfamily has its development almost exclusively in the Upper Cretaceous. The genera Schloenbachia and Jakeiceras (subfamily Schloenbachiinae) are not dealt with, since they are limited to the Upper Cretaceous.
The systematic position of the Family Gastroplitidae is not firmly established. See for the discussion CASEY, 1999 and COOPER & OWEN, 2012. Probably it is a subfamily of the Cleoniceratidae, which subfamily was treated in Lower Cretaceous Ammonites part V - Desmoceratoidea.
All references quoted in this part has been checked, with one exception. I have used 2 not formally published works because 1) other authors cited these and 2) because these works contain relevant information. The reference lists that belong to the species are mainly references of specimens that are depicted. But also included are references that can be important for palaeobiogeographical research. They are compiled voornamelijk from literature. The lists are, of course, subjective and open to improvement. Several species are attributes provisionally to genera, and that with question marks, because further research is needed to clarify the taxonomical status of these species. I have not designated lectotypes and neotypes. In 59 cases ‘lectotype requested’ is indicated.
Lower Cretaceous Ammonites VI - Douvilleiceratiodea & Deshayesitoiea
The superfamilies Deshayesitoidea and Douvilleiceratoidea are both restricted to the Lower Cretaceous, mainly Aptian and Albian. The genera Turkmeniceras and Paraspiticeras, included by Wright et al., 1996 in respectively the Deshayesitinae and the Roloboceratinae, were treated in Lower Cretaceous Ammonites volume III (2007) in the families Heteroceratidae and Emericeratidae.
Trilobites Africae: Catalogus typorum
The Palaeozoic of northern Africa, western Africa, and South Africa (West Gondwana) has locally yielded rich trilobite faunas from the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Devonian. From the Silurian and especially from Carboniferous and Permian only low numbers of specimens have been reported, or no trilobites at all. Large scale investigations starting in the 1950s demonstrated rapidly the eminent role those trilobites play for stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography and thus plate tectonics related to northern Gondwana, Peri Gondwana, and East Avalonia (southern Laurussia). Especially in the 21st century numerous publications have contributed to deciffer the complex trilobites distributions and thus palaeobiogeographic patterns, and additional work is in progress. Though of great interest large scale access to information on African trilobites has hitherto been hindered by lack of a compendium. This gap is to be closed by the present catalogue, including 659 taxa, which is a type catalogue in character to exclude largely subjective aspects. To enlight the historical framework additional information is provided. The primary homonym Phacops rana africanus BURTON & ELDREDGE, 1974 [non: Phacops (Cryphaeus) africanus SALTER, 1856] is replaced by Hypsipariops? overwegi nom. nov.
Key words: Trilobites, types, Gondwana (Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Ghana, South Africa), Palaeozoic.
Testudinomorpha I Index Ichnia et Ova Testudinarum fossilium, Testudinata permotriadica
The turtles are one of the most long-lasting groups of tetrapods. They are documented from their earliest record of Lower Triassic (Skythian) age until today which means a period of time of approximately 250 million years, leading to a large number of different systematic groups. Their diversity shows distinct and significant cuts at the Triassic/Jurassic (= Keuper/Liassic), Albian/Cenomanian, Cretaceous/Paleogene, Paleogene/Neogene and Neogene/Pleistocene boundaries. The most ancient turtle fauna disappears almost completely at the end of the Triassic, the younger turtle fauna begins sparsely in the Lower Jurassic (Liassic) and extends to the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary and represents the first period of prosperity. The older turtles are now commonly grouped together as “basal turtles” which is not a taxonomically valid term. So far, the traces of their activity were not taken into account explicitly or were mentioned only scarcely and out of context. Even in recent years this is in particular true for the Triassic turtles, but in fact their fossil traces are important because they are the only connections with the Permian ancestors of the turtles. Therefore the aim of the present article is a documentation of the current state of knowledge of the connections between Permotriassic morphotaxa of turtles and tortoises and their traces like tracks (= ichnofossils) and fossil eggs. Odontochelys mediates between the Permian Eunotosaurus and the Triassic turtle-like taxa as summarized under the Testudinomorpha (figure 1). The name Chelonomorpha is preoccupied. These animals have their decisive radiation from the Permian to the Triassic.
Lower Cretaceous Ammonites V - Desmoceratoidea
The superfamily Desmoceratoidea, as presented in this Fossilium Catalogus, has representatives that persisted until the end of the Cretaceous. We have only included families, subfamilies and genera that are restricted to or start in the Lower Cretaceous.
Once more, a specialist researching this superfamily took an active part in the design of this volume.
The achievement of Zdenĕk VAŠÍČEK is a long list of publications on Lower Cretaceous ammonites and stratigraphy of the Carpathians of the Czech and Slovak Republics, Upper Austria and the Northern Calcareous Alps. He revised the ammonites described by UHLIG of the ‚Teschener & Wernsdorfer Schichten‘. He is currently working on the Emil TIETZE collection hosted in Vienna.
In addition to the acknowledgements in the previous parts of Lower Cretaceous Ammonites, we are obliged to Dr. Francisco MEDINA, Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina), and Prof. Dr. Qi WANG, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), for helping us with literature.
Special thanks to Dr. Ricardo BARRAGÁN MANZO, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Abelardo CANTÚ CHAPA, México City, Prof. Dr. Peter BENGTSON, Universität Heidelberg, Dr. Gérard DELANOY, Université de Nice, Dr. Robert BUSNARDO, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Dr. Ottillia SZIVES, Magyar Térmeszettudományí Múseum, Budapest, and Dr. Jim HAGGART, Geological Survey of Canada, Vancouver, for providing us with additional information, and to Juan KLEIN-WANG who helped once again by translating Chinese articles for us.
Catalogus typorum trilobitorum Germaniae: II. Trilobites Devonici et Infracarbonici
Synoptische Darstellungen tragen auch zur Vermeidung von Homonymen bei. So weisen nach aktuellen Bearbeitungen devonische Trilobiten aus Marokko auf Gattungsebene zahlreiche Gemeinsamkeiten mit Taxa des deutschen Devon auf. Es ist abzusehen, dass es weitere Untersuchungen an marokkanischen Trilobiten des Devon geben wird.
Lower Cretaceous Ammonites IV Boreophylloceratoidea, Phylloceratoidea, Lytoceratoidea, Tetragonitoidea, Haploceratoidea including the Upper Cretaceous representatives
The ammonite groups we treated in this Catalogus are in general not used for precise stratigraphy because the genera and species have often long ranges over several zones and stages. For this reason we have included the genera and species of the Upper Cretaceous. Otherwise it would be a unnatural cut off for phylloceratid and tetragonitid (sub)genera like Phyllopachyceras, Hypophylloceras, Anagaudryceras, Gaudryceras, Kossmatella and Tetragonites and for the haploceratid family Binneytidae. Some genera and species around the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary are also considered because we do not know their exact stratigraphical position and, moreover, the IUGS did not rule on the boundary between these two systems.
Once more specialists that are active in research on this superfamilies took part in the present Fossilium Catalogus.
Catalogus trilobitorum cum figuris (Trilobites carbonici et permici, VI. Cummingellinae)
Lower Cretaceous Ammonites III. Bochianitoidea Protancyloceratoidea Ancyloceratoidea Ptychoceratoidea
Catalogus Haramiyorum cum figuris (Allotheria Mesozoica)
Elasmobranchii Post-Triadici (Index specierum et generum)
Lower Cretaceous Ammonites II. Perisphinctaceae 2. Polyptichitidae (by Jaap Klein) Endemocerataceae: Pulchelliidae (by Jaap Klein & Jean Vermeulen)
Catalogus Plagiaulacidorum cum figuris (Multituberculata suprajurassica et subcretacea)
Perisphinctaceae 1. Himalayitidae, Olcostephanidae, Holcodiscidae, Neocomitidae, Oosterellidae
Index of Angiosperm leaf species names Addenda, 1823-2016
Before you is lying the a list of addenda to this series of Angiosperm leaf spe- cies names. During work on leaf impressions/compressions the need of an index of names and descriptions of angiosperm leaf species became evident. It also was of value to know where, when and by whom they were created or used. Therefore, this index was made, centered on the literature available in the Net- herlands and focusing on the northern hemisphere. It is updated up to 2016. Although it is clear that such a list will never cover all published names it is nevertheless hoped that this index may lead to a more easy approach of the li- terature on leaf impressions/compression fossils and the avoidance of the crea- tion of homonyms. During the publication of the foregoing issues several new and also older pu- blications were brought to the attention of the author, they were used in the more recent issues but could not be entered in the foregoing issues. These names are given in this list of addenda. Consequently the names from the be- ginning of the alphabet are more numerous than those of the last part of it. In this index only genera and species are treated, taxa of minor order are not included. The species are listed in alphabetical order and the literature is cited in chronological and alphabetical order. Publications giving only listings of species without comment are omitted; only publications with a description or a illustration are used. Also use is made of earlier indexes, especially from North America. When descriptions are given in more than one publication of an author of a combination of authors, the later publications are listed chrono- logically behind the first one without repeated citing of the name(s) of the aut- hor(s). The original description is marked with an asterisk behind the publication. When the original description is repeated in later publications, these are also marked with an asterisk.
Index of Angiosperm leaf species names S-Z, 1823-2014
During work on leaf impressions/compressions the need of an index of names and descriptions of angiosperm leaf species became evident. It also was of value to know where, when and by whom they were created or used.
Therefore, this index was made, centered on the literature available in the Netherlands and focusing on the northern hemisphere. It is updated up to 2014.
As already stated in foregoing delivery of this index the author is aware that much of the published material is missing in this list; nevertheless he hopes that this index may lead to a more easy approach of the literature on leaf impressions/compression fossils and the avoidance of the creation of homonyms. This delivery is the last of a series, only one next delivery is planned, (Addenda), containing the material found during research of published material, not mentioned in the foregoing deliveries.
In this index only genera and species are treated, taxa of minor order are not included. The species are listed in alphabetical order and the literature is cited in chronological and alphabetical order. Publications giving only listings of species without comment are omitted; only publications with a description or a illustration are used. Also use is made of earlier indexes, especially from North America. When descriptions are given in more than one publication of an author of a combination of authors, the later publications are listed chronologically behind the first one without repeated citing of the name(s) of the author(s). The original description is marked with an asterisk behind the publication. When the original description is repeated in later publications, these are also marked with an asterisk.
In this delivery coverage has again been extended thanks to intensive research in libraries. This publication is based on the no longer existing library of the laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology at the University of Utrecht and on the library of Naturalis Biodiversity Center at Leiden. The author is indebted to the National Herbarium at Leiden for the possibility to make an extensive use of their library.
Index of Angiosperm leaf species names Q-R, 1823-2012
Therefore this index was made, centered on the literature available in the Netherlands and focusing on the northern hemisphere.
The author is aware that much of the published material is missing in this list; nevertheless he hopes that this index may lead to a more easy approach of the literature on leaf impressions/compression fossils and the avoidance of the creation of homonyms.
In this index only genera and species are treated, taxa of minor order are not included. The species are listed in alphabetical order and the literature is cited in chronological and alphabetical order. Publications giving only listings of species without comment are omitted; only publications with a description or an illustration are used. Also use is made of earlier indexes, especially from North America. When descriptions are given in more than one publication of an author or a combination of authors, the later publications are listed chronologically behind the first one without repeated citing of the name(s) of the author(s). The original description is marked with an asterisk behind the publication. When the original description is repeated in later publications, these are also marked with an asterisk.
In this delivery coverage has been extended by ca 5% thanks to intensive research in libraries. Also the literature until 2006 has been included. The author is indebted to NATURALIS for the possibility to make extensive use of the library. This is NSG publication no 20080501.
Index of Angiosperm leaf species names P, 1823-2011
Therefore, this index was made, centered on the literature available in the Netherlands and focusing on the northern hemisphere. It is updated up to 2011. The author is aware that much of the published material is missing in this list; nevertheless he hopes that this index may lead to a more easy approach of the literature on leaf impressions/compression fossils and the avoidance of the creation of homonyms.
In this index only genera and species are treated, taxa of minor order are not included. The species are listed in alphabetical order and the literature is cited in chronological and alphabetical order. Publications giving only listings of species without comment are omitted; only publications with a description or a illustration are used. Also use is made of earlier indexes, especially from North America. When descriptions are given in more than one publication of an author of a combination of authors, the later publications are listed chronologically behind the first one without repeated citing of the name(s) of the author(s). The original description is marked with an asterisk behind the publication.
When the original description is repeated in later publications, these are also marked with an asterisk.
Index of Angiosperm leaf species names M-O, 1823-2008
Therefore, this index was made, centered on the literature available in the Netherlands and focusing on the northern hemisphere. It is updated up to 2011.The author is aware that much of the published material is missing in this list;nevertheless he hopes that this index may lead to a more easy approach of the literature on leaf impressions/compression fossils and the avoidance of the creation of homonyms.
In this index only genera and species are treated, taxa of minor order are not included. The species are listed in alphabetical order and the literature is cited in chronological and alphabetical order. Publications giving only listings of species without comment are omitted; only publications with a description or a illustration are used. Also use is made of earlier indexes, especially from North America. When descriptions are given in more than one publication of an author of a combination of authors, the later publications are listed chronologically behind the first one without repeated citing of the name(s) of the author(s). The original description is marked with an asterisk behind the publication.When the original description is repeated in later publications, these are also marked with an asterisk.
In this delivery coverage has again been extended thanks to intensive research in libraries. This publication is based on the no longer existing library of the laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology at the University of Utrecht and the library of Naturalis Biodiversity Center at Leiden. The author is indebted to the National Herbarium at Leiden for the possibility to make an extensive use of their library.
Index of Angiosperm leaf species names H-L, 1823-2008
In this delivery the coverage has been extended to 2008. Recent species are indicated by (R) after the name of the Author(s). No other changes have been made. The author is indebted to NATURALIS for the possibility to make an extensive use of the Library, which resulted in a more extended list of used literature. He also thanks the librarian of the Rijksherbarium /Leiden for the possibility to make use of their collection of periodicals.
Index of Angiosperm leaf species names D-G, 1823-2006
During work on leaf impressions/compressions the need of an index of names and descriptions of angiosperm leaf species became evident. It also was of value to know where, when and by whom they were created or used. Therefore this index was made, centered on the literature available in the Netherlands and focusing on the northern hemisphere.The author is aware that much of the published material is missing in this list; nevertheless he hopes that this index may lead to a more easy approach of the literature on leaf impressions/compression fossils and the avoidance of the creation of homonyms.In this index only genera and species are treated, taxa of minor order are not included. The species are listed in alphabetical order and the literature is cited in chronological and alphabetical order. Publications giving only listings of species without comment are omitted; only publications with a description or an illustration are used. Also use is made of earlier indexes, especially from North America. When descriptions are given in more than one publication of an author or a combination of authors, the later publications are listed chronologically behind the first one without repeated citing of the name(s) of the author(s). The original description is marked with an asterisk behind the publication. When the original description is repeated in later publications, these are also marked with an asterisk.In this delivery coverage has been extended by ca 5% thanks to intensive research in libraries. Also the literature until 2006 has been included. The author is indebted to NATURALIS for the possibility to make extensive use of the library.
Before you is lying the a list of addenda to this series of Angiosperm leaf spe- cies names. During work on leaf impressions/compressions the need of an index of names and descriptions of angiosperm leaf species became evident. It also was of value to know where, when and by whom they were created or used. Therefore, this index was made, centered on the literature available in the Net- herlands and focusing on the northern hemisphere. It is updated up to 2016. Although it is clear that such a list will never cover all published names it is nevertheless hoped that this index may lead to a more easy approach of the li- terature on leaf impressions/compression fossils and the avoidance of the crea- tion of homonyms. During the publication of the foregoing issues several new and also older pu- blications were brought to the attention of the author, they were used in the more recent issues but could not be entered in the foregoing issues. These names are given in this list of addenda. Consequently the names from the be- ginning of the alphabet are more numerous than those of the last part of it. In this index only genera and species are treated, taxa of minor order are not included. The species are listed in alphabetical order and the literature is cited in chronological and alphabetical order. Publications giving only listings of species without comment are omitted; only publications with a description or a illustration are used. Also use is made of earlier indexes, especially from North America. When descriptions are given in more than one publication of an author of a combination of authors, the later publications are listed chrono- logically behind the first one without repeated citing of the name(s) of the aut- hor(s). The original description is marked with an asterisk behind the publication. When the original description is repeated in later publications, these are also marked with an asterisk. .
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